The History of Kolkata: A Journey Through Time

Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, is not just a city but a reflection of India’s colonial past and cultural richness. This bustling metropolis, located on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River, has been at the heart of India’s historical, social, and cultural evolution for centuries. Known as the “City of Joy,” Kolkata’s story is one of transformation, from a small village to becoming the capital of British India and later evolving into the vibrant city it is today. This article delves into the fascinating history of Kolkata, making it easy to understand while offering a glimpse into its historical landmarks and price ranges for visiting these locations.

Early Beginnings: Kolkata’s Origins

Kolkata’s history can be traced back to the late 17th century, but the region’s significance existed even earlier. The land on which modern Kolkata stands was originally part of three villages: Sutanuti, Gobindapur, and Kalikata. In 1690, Job Charnock, an Englishman associated with the East India Company, is credited with establishing the British presence in the area. He saw potential in the Hooghly River as a trade route, and from there, the British began developing the area into a trading hub.

By the early 18th century, the British East India Company had built a fortified area, which later became Fort William. This laid the foundation for Calcutta to grow into a significant colonial outpost.

Colonial Era: Becoming the Capital of British India

In 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, the British gained control over Bengal, making Calcutta the capital of British India. The city’s strategic location near the Hooghly River allowed it to flourish as a major trade and administrative center. During this period, the British built impressive structures, including the Victoria Memorial, Writers’ Building, and St. Paul’s Cathedral.

The city was divided into two distinct areas: the “White Town,” where the British lived, and the “Black Town,” where the native population resided. While White Town had well-planned roads and grand buildings, Black Town grew haphazardly. This divide reflects the stark social inequality of the time.

Kolkata’s colonial architecture remains one of its biggest draws for tourists today. The Victoria Memorial, built in memory of Queen Victoria, is a must-visit. The entry fee for Indian citizens is around ₹30, while foreign tourists need to pay ₹500. Exploring the museum inside gives a glimpse into the grandeur of the British Empire in India.

The Cultural Renaissance of Bengal

In the 19th century, Kolkata became the center of the Bengal Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual awakening in Bengal. This movement was driven by reformers, thinkers, and artists like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami Vivekananda. It aimed to reform Indian society by promoting education, women’s rights, and social equality.

During this time, Kolkata also became the literary and artistic hub of India. Rabindranath Tagore, the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, lived here and contributed to the city’s rich cultural heritage. His house, now a museum known as Jorasanko Thakur Bari, is open to the public, with an entry fee of ₹10 for Indian citizens and ₹50 for foreigners.

Struggles for Freedom and Partition

The early 20th century saw Kolkata become a hotbed for political activism. The city played a key role in India’s struggle for independence from British rule. Leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose, who founded the Indian National Army, hailed from Kolkata.

In 1911, the British moved the capital from Kolkata to Delhi, marking the decline of the city’s political importance. However, Kolkata continued to play a vital role in India’s freedom movement, especially during the Swadeshi Movement, which encouraged Indians to boycott British goods.

The Partition of Bengal in 1947, which divided India into India and Pakistan, had a profound impact on Kolkata. The city became a refuge for millions of Hindus fleeing from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The large influx of refugees strained Kolkata’s resources and led to significant economic challenges.

Post-Independence Kolkata

After independence in 1947, Kolkata continued to grow, though it faced numerous difficulties. The refugee crisis, coupled with political instability, led to poverty and unrest. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Naxalite movement—a radical communist movement—emerged, further complicating the city’s social fabric.

Despite these challenges, Kolkata retained its reputation as a cultural capital. It became famous for its festivals, particularly Durga Puja, which attracts tourists from all over the world. Visiting Kolkata during Durga Puja is a unique experience, with pandals (temporary structures) and idols of the goddess Durga showcased across the city. The cost of a tour during Durga Puja can range from ₹500 to ₹2000, depending on the package and services offered.

Modern Kolkata: A Blend of Tradition and Progress

Today, Kolkata is a vibrant blend of tradition and modernity. While the city preserves its rich history, it is also adapting to the changes brought about by globalization. Modern buildings, shopping malls, and IT parks now dot the skyline, but the charm of old Kolkata remains intact.

Kolkata is also known for its affordable cost of living and travel. Visiting popular landmarks like the Indian Museum, the oldest museum in India, costs around ₹50 for Indian citizens and ₹500 for foreign tourists. A trip to the iconic Howrah Bridge, an engineering marvel and one of the busiest cantilever bridges in the world, is free, though visitors can opt for boat rides along the Hooghly River for as low as ₹30 per person.

Exploring Kolkata on a Budget

For those interested in exploring Kolkata’s history on a budget, the city offers many affordable options. Walking tours of the old colonial areas, like Dalhousie Square, are available for as little as ₹500 per person. Local markets, such as New Market, offer a glimpse into the city’s bustling trade culture, where one can shop for traditional Bengali handicrafts and textiles at reasonable prices.

Food lovers will enjoy Kolkata’s famous street food, including puchkas (pani puri), kathi rolls, and mishti (sweets). A meal at a street food stall can cost as little as ₹50, while dining at a traditional Bengali restaurant will typically range from ₹300 to ₹800, depending on the dish.